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public sociology
Public sociology refers to an approach to the discipline which seeks to transcend the academy in order to engage with wider audiences. It is perhaps best understood as a ''style'' of sociology rather than a particular method, theory, or set of political values. Michael Burawoy contrasted it with ''professional sociology'', a form of academic sociology that is concerned primarily with addressing other professional sociologists.
Burawoy and other promoters of public sociology have sought to encourage the discipline to engage in explicitly public and political ways with issues stimulated by debates over public policy, political activism, the purposes of social movements, and the institutions of civil society. If there has been a "movement" associated with public sociology, then, it is one that has sought to revitalize the discipline of sociology by leveraging its empirical methods and theoretical insights to engage in debates not just about what is or what has been in society, but about what society might yet be. Thus, many versions of public sociology have had an undeniably normative〔Hanemaayer, A., & Schneider, C.J. (eds) (2014). (The Public Sociology Debate: Ethics and Engagement )." Vancouver, BC: University of British Columbia Press〕 and political character—a fact that has led a significant number of sociologists to oppose the approach.〔
==History==
The term "public sociology" was first introduced by Herbert Gans, in a 1988 address entitled "Sociology in America: The Discipline and the Public." For Gans, primary examples of public sociologists included David Riesman, author of ''The Lonely Crowd'', one of the best-selling books of sociology ever to be written, and Robert Bellah, the lead author of another best-selling work, ''Habits of the Heart''. In 2000, sociologist Ben Agger wrote a book entitled ''Public Sociology: From Social Facts to Literary Acts'' which called for a sociology that addressed major public issues. Since Michael Burawoy's 2004 Presidency of the American Sociological Association on a public sociology platform the phrase has received a great deal of attention and debate.
Debates over public sociology have rekindled questions concerning the extra-academic ''purpose'' of sociology. Public sociology raises questions about what sociology is and what its goals ought to (or even could) be. Such debates - over science and political advocacy, scholarship and public commitment - have a long history in American sociology and in American social science more generally. Historian Mark C. Smith, for instance, has investigated earlier debates over the purpose of social science in his book, ''Social Science in the Crucible: The American Debate over Objectivity and Purpose,1918-1941'' (Duke University Press, 1994). And Stephen Park Turner and Jonathan H. Turner showed how the discipline's search for a purpose, through dependence on external publics, has limited Sociology's potential in their book, ''The Impossible Science: An Institutional Analysis of American Sociology'' (Sage, 1990).
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